{"id":8329,"date":"2024-08-22T06:46:21","date_gmt":"2024-08-22T06:46:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ioa.cuhk.edu.hk\/end-of-life-care\/?page_id=8329"},"modified":"2024-08-23T04:57:19","modified_gmt":"2024-08-23T04:57:19","slug":"mrwoo","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/mrwoo\/","title":{"rendered":"Cases:MrWoo"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"8329\" class=\"elementor elementor-8329\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e0e8d9 header-banner elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e0e8d9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee9cc73\" data-id=\"ee9cc73\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5589bda banner-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5589bda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jockey Club End-of-Life Community Care Project<br>\nJCECC Capacity Building and Education Programmes on End-of-Life Care<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-530e890 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"530e890\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-810a70a\" data-id=\"810a70a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4d9322 quick-links elementor-widget elementor-widget-wp-widget-nav_menu\" data-id=\"c4d9322\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wp-widget-nav_menu.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"menu-second-menu-container\"><ul id=\"menu-second-menu\" class=\"menu\"><li id=\"menu-item-126\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-126\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/\">Home<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-6666\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6666\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/academic-output\/\">Academic Output<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-6671\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-6671\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/capacity-building-programme\/\">Capacity Building Programme<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-6758\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-6758\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/capacity-building-programme\/training-for-doctors\/\">Training for Doctors<\/a>\n\t<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-6870\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6870\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/capacity-building-programme\/training-for-doctors\/interactive-workshops\/\">Interactive Workshops<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-6868\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6868\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/capacity-building-programme\/training-for-doctors\/seminars-and-lectures\/\">Seminars and Lectures<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-6867\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6867\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/capacity-building-programme\/training-for-doctors\/symposia\/\">Symposia<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-6869\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6869\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/capacity-building-programme\/training-for-doctors\/online-training\/\">Online Training<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-6873\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6873\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/capacity-building-programme\/training-for-doctors\/death-audits\/\">Death Audits<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-6871\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6871\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/capacity-building-programme\/training-for-doctors\/evaluation-quantitative\/\">Evaluation (Quantitative)<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-6872\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6872\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/capacity-building-programme\/training-for-doctors\/evaluation-qualitative\/\">Evaluation (Qualitative)<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-8279\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8279\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/capacity-building-programme\/training-for-doctors\/webinar\/\">Webinar<\/a><\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-6757\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-6757\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/capacity-building-programme\/training-for-nurses\/\">Training for Nurses<\/a>\n\t<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-6862\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6862\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/capacity-building-programme\/training-for-nurses\/train-the-trainer-series\/\">Train-the-trainer Series<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-6864\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6864\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/capacity-building-programme\/training-for-nurses\/interactive-workshops\/\">Interactive Workshops<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-6863\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6863\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/capacity-building-programme\/training-for-nurses\/online-training\/\">Online Training<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-6865\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6865\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/capacity-building-programme\/training-for-nurses\/evaluation-quantitative\/\">Evaluation (Quantitative)<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-6866\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6866\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/capacity-building-programme\/training-for-nurses\/evaluation-qualitative\/\">Evaluation (Qualitative)<\/a><\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-6756\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-6756\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/capacity-building-programme\/training-for-allied-health-professionals\/\">Training for Allied Health Professionals<\/a>\n\t<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-6859\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6859\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/capacity-building-programme\/training-for-allied-health-professionals\/experiential-learning-activities\/\">Experiential Learning Activities<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-6858\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6858\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/capacity-building-programme\/training-for-allied-health-professionals\/talks-and-information-sessions\/\">Talks and Information Sessions<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-6860\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6860\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/capacity-building-programme\/training-for-allied-health-professionals\/evaluation-quantitative\/\">Evaluation (Quantitative)<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-6861\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6861\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/capacity-building-programme\/training-for-allied-health-professionals\/evaluation-qualitative\/\">Evaluation (Qualitative)<\/a><\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-6679\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-6679\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/public-education\/\">Public Education<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-6771\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6771\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/public-education\/interactive-workshops\/\">Interactive Workshops<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-6791\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6791\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/public-education\/advance-care-planning-workshops\/\">Advance Care Planning Workshops<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-6790\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6790\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/public-education\/talks-and-information-sessions\/\">Talks and Information Sessions<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-6789\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6789\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/public-education\/roving-exhibitions\/\">Roving Exhibitions<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-6788\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6788\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/public-education\/evaluation-quantitative\/\">Evaluation (Quantitative)<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-6787\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6787\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/public-education\/evaluation-qualitative\/\">Evaluation (Qualitative)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-313\" class=\"hide menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-313\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/?page_id=228\">Activities<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-6689\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-6689\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/resources\/\">Resources<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-7193\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-7193\"><a href=\"#\">For Healthcare Professionals<\/a>\n\t<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-6762\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6762\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/resources\/for-healthcare-professionals-videos\/\">Videos<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-6761\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6761\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/resources\/for-healthcare-professionals-leaflet\/\">Leaflet<\/a><\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-7194\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-7194\"><a href=\"#\">For General Public<\/a>\n\t<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-6759\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6759\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/resources\/for-general-public-videos\/\">Videos<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-6760\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6760\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/resources\/for-general-public-leaflet\/\">Leaflet<\/a><\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-699\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-699\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/ethics-casebook\/\">Ethics Casebook<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-1411\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1411\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/dying-matters-awareness-event\/\">Dying Matters Awareness Event<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-1311\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1311\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/useful-materials\/\">Useful Materials<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7f62ad4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7f62ad4\" data-element_type=\"section\" id=\"Ethics\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-18496cf col-intro\" data-id=\"18496cf\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b2ed61 elementor-align-justify btn1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"6b2ed61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"\/end-of-life-care\/ethics-casebook\/#Ethics\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Introduction<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-10d3bec\" data-id=\"10d3bec\" data-element_type=\"column\" id=\"col-intro2\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6385323 elementor-align-justify btn2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"6385323\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"\/end-of-life-care\/ethics-casebook-cases\/#Ethics\" elementor-tab-content-2642=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Cases<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3cbc989\" data-id=\"3cbc989\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6f813d elementor-align-justify btn3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"b6f813d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"\/end-of-life-care\/ethics-casebook-backgrounds\/#Ethics\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\"> Backgrounders<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7d2f27e\" data-id=\"7d2f27e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c612781 elementor-align-justify btn4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"c612781\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"\/end-of-life-care\/ethics-casebook-themes\/#Ethics\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Themes<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-06e2774 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"06e2774\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e44b0d0\" data-id=\"e44b0d0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e7735b mrwoo-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e7735b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"text-align: left; padding-left: 80px;\">Case: Mr Woo<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left; padding-left: 80px;\">Toileting Issues in End of Life Care<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ccae7c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ccae7c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-defb140 mr-woo-tab\" data-id=\"defb140\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-666a7b2 mrwoo-tab-themes elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"666a7b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Case Description<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Commentary<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Case Description<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1071\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1071\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><p>Mr Woo (85 years old) is a patient with late-stage liver cancer, who has only about half a year of remaining life expectancy. Before being diagnosed, Mr Woo had decent physical and psychological conditions. He could take care of himself and had never needed to be hospitalized for treatment. For this reason, Mr Woo was very proud of himself. However, his conditions have recently been deteriorating at a rapid pace, forcing him to be hospitalized immediately. Since Mr Woo does not genuinely believe that he is about to die, he wants to create a sense of \u201cfeeling alive\u201d for himself, and he does not want the healthcare staff to treat him like a dying patient. However, it is an undeniable fact that Mr Woo\u2019s conditions are getting worse, as he begins to experience symptoms such as dizziness and drowsiness, thereby needing to stay in bed for most of the time. Given Mr Woo\u2019s frail conditions, the healthcare staff believes that if he is allowed to go to the toilet by himself, then the risks of falling and fainting may arise. In view of this, the nurse told Mr Woo, \u201cSince you are currently on an IV drip, it may not be that convenient for you to go to the toilet on your own. We will help you put the diapers on.\u201d Mr Woo nervously asked, \u201cDiapers? Do you mean that I need to stay in bed while toileting? Don\u2019t tell me you can\u2019t send a staff to assist me with the toileting routines!\u201d The nurse answered, \u201cI am very sorry about that. Our manpower is limited. In addition, we are worried about your safety.\u201d Mr Woo became angry and did not accept the nurse\u2019s explanation, as he perceived the use of diapers to be a severe violation of his dignity. After a while, Mr Woo even ranted, \u201cAs the doctor said that I cannot live for much longer, why can\u2019t you satisfy my humble wish of being able to go to the toilet on my own, even when I am approaching the end of my life? Why are you forcing me to use the diapers, even when I can walk independently and still have a call of nature, and I am not like those incontinent patients who can\u2019t control themselves? As I am already about to die, why do you think it matters to me if I am safe or not when going to the toilet?\u201d<\/p><p>In the above case, given the shortage in resources and manpower, the actions taken by the healthcare staff seemed to be reasonable, yet they indeed contradicted with Mr Woo\u2019s preferences. So, given that Mr Woo is dying soon, how should the healthcare staff balance his interests in different aspects and thereby provide the optimal end-of-life care? What would be the considerations with respect to clinical ethics?<\/p><p>Questions to think about:<\/p><ul><li>How should the healthcare staff apply the ethical principle of \u201crespect for autonomy\u201d in this case?<\/li><li>What is the role played by the patient\u2019s dignity in end-of-life care?<\/li><li>Can the efficiency and safety of care provision override the patient\u2019s subjective preferences? Why?<\/li><li>How should the person-in-charge of a ward or department strike a balance between resources allocation and satisfaction of the needs of individual patients?<\/li><\/ul><p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;<\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"><ul class=\"lcp_catlist\" id=\"lcp_instance_0\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/patient-autonomy\/\">Patient autonomy<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/best-interest\/\">Best interest<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/ioa.cuhk.edu.hk.w26.ysdhost.com\/end-of-life-care\/beneficence\/\">Beneficence<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Commentary<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1072\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1072\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p>&#8211; Prof Roger Y. Chung<br \/>Co-Director, Centre for Bioethics<br \/>Associate Director, Institute for Health Equity<br \/>Associate Professor, School of Public Health and Primary Care<br \/>The Chinese University of Hong Kong<\/p><p>Here are some of the morally relevant features of the case:<\/p><ul><li>Conditions:<ul><li>Terminal cancer patient<\/li><li>Irreversible condition<\/li><li>Continually deteriorating with debilitating symptoms<\/li><li>Risk of fall if not escorted<\/li><li>With certain degree of mobility (i.e., can walk)<\/li><li>Not incontinent<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Patient\u2019s perspective:<ul><li>Patient does not accept his disease\u2019s terminal status and\/or being regarded as a terminal patient<\/li><li>Using adult diapers is a matter of dignity to the patient<\/li><li>Clearly rejects the use of adult diapers<\/li><li>Seems to understand the risk of fall, and does not think that it outweighs the concern for dignity and autonomy<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Environmental\/external factors:<ul><li>Limited human resources for caring of essential activities of daily living<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p>In Beauchamp and Childress\u2019s Principlism, \u201crespect for autonomy\u201d is a prima facie bioethical principle that is decision-specific.\u00a0 In other words, it is specific to a single medical decision with regards to whether a patient accepts or rejects a treatment.\u00a0 In this case, the decision is specific towards whether or not Mr Woo accepts using adult diapers to avoid the risk of fall as well as circumvent the external\/environmental issue of lack of human resources.\u00a0 Even though wearing adult diapers or not is not a medical decision as high-staked as approving a surgical procedure, it is nevertheless a decision that the patient has mental capacity to make.\u00a0 Moreover, this intervention is a matter of dignity towards the patient.\u00a0 Dignity refers to the inherent worth and value of each individual, and it certainly encompasses respect for a person\u2019s autonomy, privacy, and avoidance of treating individuals as mere objects or means to an end.\u00a0 In other words, violations of dignity can occur through actions that undermine a person\u2019s autonomy, privacy, or treating them disrespectfully or in a dehumanizing manner.\u00a0 If we put the morally salient features of the scenario on a principlist balance scale, \u201crespect for autonomy\u201d definitely carries weight towards not wearing the diapers.\u00a0<\/p><p>However, on the other side of the scale, the prima facie principles of \u201cbeneficence,\u201d \u201cjustice,\u201d and \u201cnon-maleficence\u201d are also at play.\u00a0 Specifically, the avoidance of harm due to fall can be interpreted as an adherence to the principle of \u201cbeneficence\u201d in the form of <em>positive<\/em> prevention of harm.\u00a0 On the other hand, the concern for inadequate human resources is a matter of \u201cdistributive justice,\u201d which specifically concerns the inequitable distribution of resources to other patients if more resources need to be allocated to aid Mr Woo to the restroom on a regular basis.\u00a0 Moreover, the administration of adult diaper would likely not inflict harm on Mr Woo, thereby adhering to the principle of \u201cnon-maleficence,\u201d which requires healthcare provider to at least do no harm to the <em>quality of life <\/em>of the patient with any treatment\/intervention.\u00a0 (Note that to Beauchamp and Childress, <em>quality of life <\/em>is the criteria that matters in the principle of non-maleficence.) Nevertheless, one could still argue that while the diaper intervention may not inflict severe physical harm to the patient, it could still inflict minor physical harm (e.g. skin irritation, allergic reaction, fungal infection, etc.) if diapers are not changed on a regular basis.\u00a0 Also, it could inflict psychological harm towards the patient, which is also encompassed in the common understanding of <em>quality of life<\/em>. \u00a0This psychological harm is very obvious in the case of Mr Woo, who expressed his disapproval of such intervention with anger and complaint.\u00a0<\/p><p>Remember that all these principles operate in prima facie manner, meaning they should be taken as equally basic principles that should be followed at their face value, but are not absolute.\u00a0 In other words, in case of conflict among these principles, justifications are needed to side with one \u201cactual obligation\u201d (i.e., all-things-considered obligation) as your final verdict that would override the rest of the other moral considerations.\u00a0 However, even having a final verdict of actual obligation does not mean that other moral considerations have to be completely silenced or canceled out; rather, going for one actual obligation would leave behind moral residues of other moral considerations, which would in turn give rise to new moral obligations.\u00a0<\/p><p>In this case, Mr Woo clearly rejects the use of adult diapers.\u00a0 Therefore, to administer adult diapers against his will, hard paternalism will need to be imposed.\u00a0 According to Beauchamp and Childress, to justify hard paternalism in healthcare, the following conditions must be satisfied:<\/p><table border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"10\"><tbody><tr><td><ol><li>A patient is at risk of a significant, preventable harm (i.e., fall can be significant but preventable harm)<\/li><li>The paternalistic action will probably prevent the harm (i.e., avoidance of fall is likely)<\/li><li>The prevention of harm to the patient outweighs risks to the patient of the action taken (i.e., the prevention of fall may likely outweigh the risk of other more minor physical harm to the patient, but questionable whether it could outweigh the risk to the patient\u2019s psychological well-being in this case, especially when the patient seems to be fine with bearing that risk of fall)<\/li><li>There is no morally better alternative to the limitation of autonomy that occurs (i.e., in the case of limited resources, there does not seem to be alternative; however, we can always think outside the constraints of one hospital \u2013 e.g. can the patient be transferred to another hospital with more resources? Are the non-hospital caregivers allowed to aid the patient according to the hospital policy?\u00a0 Does Mr Woo have someone (rather than hospital staff) who can help him with toileting?)\u00a0<\/li><\/ol><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Consequently, the least autonomy-restrictive alternative that can secure the benefit should be adopted.\u00a0 Given that the satisfaction of Conditions 3 and 4 are rather dubious, it seems difficult to justify the practice of hard paternalism in this case \u2013 i.e., no adult diapers for Mr Woo seems to be the final verdict.\u00a0<\/p><p>Finally, even if the adult diapers are not administered to Mr Woo (i.e., actual obligation), it does not silence the moral concerns of avoidance of fall and distributive justice (i.e., moral residues).\u00a0 They are still important moral concerns that need to be observed and addressed with other means and approaches.\u00a0 I will leave this to the students for their deliberation of what can be done to address the moral residues if diapers are not going to be administered.\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p><p>Some important notes:<\/p><ul><li>Dignity conventionally falls under the principle of respect for autonomy in Beauchamp and Childress\u2019s bioethical framework<\/li><li>Quality of life is the criteria that matters when one talks about harm and thus the principle of non-maleficence in Beauchamp and Childress\u2019s bioethical framework<\/li><li>Violations of dignity can certainly impact a person\u2019s quality of life, but these two concepts are not interchangeable. Violations of dignity can occur even if there is no direct impact on an individual\u2019s quality of life, and vice versa.\u00a0<\/li><li>Principlism offers only one, but an influential, method in balancing the different moral obligations in bioethical scenarios. Other tools can also be useful in helping us deal with ethical dilemma that we may encounter in healthcare settings (e.g. narrative ethics, care ethics).<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jockey Club End-of-Life Community Care Project JCECC Capacity Building and Education Programmes on End-of-Life Care Introduction Cases Backgrounders Themes Case: Mr Woo Toileting Issues in End of Life Care Case Description Commentary Case Description Mr Woo (85 years old) is a patient with late-stage liver cancer, who has only about half a year of remaining [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"class_list":["post-8329","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.3 - 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